Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the role of permissive parenting and peer relationships in the tendency toward substance use among men, considering the mediating role of social support. Methods: This applied and descriptive-correlational study was conducted on a statistical population of men referred to two addiction treatment clinics in Mashhad, Iran. Using convenience sampling, 120 men were selected as the sample. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires on permissive parenting, peer relationships, social support, and substance use tendency. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS and Smart PLS software. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between permissive parenting and substance use tendency (β = 0.290, p < 0.05). Social support had a significant negative relationship with substance use tendency (β = -0.285, p < 0.05). The mediating role of social support in the relationship between permissive parenting and substance use tendency was confirmed (β = 0.082, Sobel test = 2.458). However, no significant direct relationship was found between peer relationships and substance use tendency. The overall model fit indices indicated a good fit (GOF = 0.391). Conclusion: Permissive parenting style is a critical risk factor for substance use tendency among men. Social support acts as a protective mediator, mitigating this risk. Interventions aimed at strengthening family management skills and enhancing social support networks are essential for prevention programs.

Permissive Parenting Peer Relationships Substance Use Tendency Social Support Mediating Role Men.